Happy Birthday, Srinivasa Ramanujan!

Today is the birthday of Srinivasa Ramanujan, the great Indian mathematician who studied number theory, mastered modular and partition functions, and designed summation formulas. Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887 in Erode, a city along the banks of the Cauvery River in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. He enrolled in a local high at the age of 10, but learned more about mathematics from the college students who boarded in parents' home. According to Robert Kanigel, Ramanujan's biographer and author of The Man Who Knew Infinity, the young mathematician was deeply influenced by two borrowed books: S.L. Loney's Plane Trigonometry and George Shoobridge Carr's Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure Mathematics. Carr's work, a list of 5000 mathematical formulas, inspired Ramanujan to develop his own proofs for these theorems. By the age of 17, Ramanujan had calculated Euler's constant to 15 decimal places and proposed a new class of numbers. Although his peers "stood in respectful awe of him", said one contemporary, "we, including his teachers, rarely understood him".
Like Albert Einstein, Srinivasa Ramanujan struggled with school and even failed his high school exams because of difficulties concentrating. In 1909, the 22-year old college dropout moved from Erode to Madras and found work as a clerk in the Accountant General's Office. Ramachandra Rao, an Indian mathematician who helped Ramanujan obtain the clerkship, encouraged the young man to publish papers and seek broader support for his work. In 1911, Ramanujan's 17-page paper about Bernoulli numbers appeared in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. Two years later, the young mathematician wrote a 10-page letter with over 120 statements of theorems on infinite series, improper integrals, continued fractions, and number theory. The letter's recipient, a Cambridge mathematician named G.H. Hardy, had ignored previous communications from Ramanujan, but shared this latest letter with J.E. Littlewood, a university colleague. According to Hardy, the English mathematicians concluded that Ramanujan's results "must be true because, if they were not true, no one would have the imagination to invent them."
With Hardy's help, Ramanujan was named a research scholar at the University of Madras, a position that doubled his clerk's salary and required only the submission of quarterly reports about his work. In March 1914, Ramanujan boarded a steamship for England and, upon his arrival at Cambridge University, began a five-year collaboration with G.H. Hardy. Together, the scholars identified the properties of highly composite numbers and studied the partition function and its asymptotics. They also identified the Hardy-Ramanujan number (1729), the smallest number expressible as the sum of two positive cubes in two different ways. Individually, Ramanujan made major breakthroughs with gamma functions, modular forms, divergent series, hypergeometric series, and mock theta functions. He also developed closed-form expressions for non-simple, continued fractions (Ramanujan's continued fractions) and defined a mathematical concept known as the Ramanujan prime. "I still say to myself when I am depressed, and find myself forced to listen to pompous and tiresome people," Hardy later wrote, "'Well, I have done one thing you could never have done, and that is to have collaborated with both Littlewood and Ramanujan on something like equal terms.'"
Srinivasa Ramanujan received an honorary bachelor's degree from Cambridge University in 1916, and was later appointed a Fellow of Trinity and a Fellow of the Royal Society. Despite his professional accomplishments, Ramanujan suffered from poor health and was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis and amoebiasis, a parasitic infection of the liver. A vegetarian, he also suffered from a severe vitamin deficiency that may have been due to the shortage of fresh fruits and vegetables in wartime England. Srinivasa Ramanujan died on April 26, 1920 at the age of 33. Today, his home state of Tamil Nadu celebrates his birthday, December 22, to memorialize both the man and his achievements.

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